The impact of the passive cooling systems is evaluated on both energy consumption and electrical peak demand for residential villas with and without improved building envelope for five cities, representatives of various climate conditions in KSA. The analysis has been carried using detailed simulation tool for several cities representing different climate conditions throughout KSA. These passive cooling systems are applied to a prototypical KSA residential villa model with an improved building envelope. Specifically, three passive cooling techniques have been evaluated including natural ventilation, downdraft evaporative cooling, and earth tube cooling. In this paper, passive cooling strategies have been investigated to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing cooling thermal loads and air conditioning energy consumption for residential buildings in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This study will help engineers to design cost-effective HVAC system which is neither oversized nor undersized which will also reduce the energy consumption of building. The variations in cooling loads obtained from these methods are about 2% only, which is significantly lower in comparison with the available literature.
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Similarly, cooling load determined using HAP software is 195.2 kW, equivalent of 55.5 TR.
The cooling load obtained from CLTD method is 190.7 kW, equivalent to 54.25 tons of refrigeration (TR). First, cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) method and second, hourly analysis program (HAP) software. Two approaches are employed to achieve the objective of this study. All-Air variable volume system is used to design the HVAC system for the building. The workshop building consists of two floors to be conditioned. HVAC systems accounts for 60% of the total electrical load requirements of a building hence, an accurately designed HVAC system will be highly cost and energy efficient. The main aim of this study is to design the most accurate HVAC system as per actual design requirement, for a workshop building of a power plant located in Karachi, Pakistan. Central air conditioning is more reliable for easy operation with a lower maintenance cost. The core purpose of HVAC is to provide comfortable environment to the occupants of a building. In recent times, global warming and climatic changes have caused significant increase in ambient temperatures, making heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) a necessity. This system has the advantages of efficient, silent cooling and increased comfort for prayer. The ducting design for central air conditioning systems uses 12 x 8 pipes for the main ducting and 10 x 6 for the ducting suction with 12 nozzles and 10 x 6 and 10 x 8 return ducting sizes. Mastek Mosque required 167,151,241 Btu/h. Room comfortability will be realized throughout the year and also the outside environment if cared for properly according to the procedures of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Handbook of Fundamentals. A well-designed HVAC system will have a great impact on indoor air conditions. This paper aims to investigate energy efficiency based on cooling load capacity to reduce energy use and design an air conditioning system. The electricity needs in the building come from the use of lighting, computers, office equipment, heating, ventilation, air conditioning and also air conditioning systems (AHU). In addition, most power generation systems still use fossil fuels of nearly 50%, in other words this fuel can run out within the next 18 years. The rate of development growth in Indonesia has resulted in an increase of energy demand.
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